PARALLEL COMPUTATION

Parallel computation is one of the computer programming that allows to execute commands simultaneously and concurrently in a single or multiple processors inside a CPU. Parallel computation itself is useful to improve the performance of the computer as more and more processes that can be done at the same time it will be faster.

Parallel  Concept

The concept of parallel  is a processors ability to perform a task or multiple tasks simultaneously or concurrently, in other words, the processor is able to perform one or many tasks at one time.

Distributed Processing

Distributed processing is the process of parallel processing in distributed parallel processing using multiple machines. So, it could be said the ability of the computers that run simultaneously to solve a problem with the process quickly.

Architectural Parallel Computer

According to a Processor Designer, taxonomy Flynn, Computer Architecture is divided into four sections.

1. SISD (Single Instruction Single Data Stream)
   The type of computer that only has one processor and one instruction is executed serially.
2. SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data Stream)
   This type of computer that has more than one processor, but this computer only executes one instruction in parallel on different data in lock-step level.
3. MISD (Multiple Instruction Single Data Stream)
   This type of computer that has one processor and execute multiple instructions in parallel but in practice there is no computer that is built with this architecture because the system is not easily understood, until now there has been no computers that use this type of architecture.
4. MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data Stream)
   This type of computer that has more than one processor and execute more than one instruction in parallel. This type of computer that is most widely used to build a parallel computer, even many supercomputer that implement this architecture, because the models and concepts that are not too complicated to understand.

Introduction to Programming Thread

A thread in computer programming is a relevant information about the use of a single program that can handle multiple users simultaneously.Thread This allows the program to determine how the user entered into the program in turn and the user will go back to using a different user. Multiple threads can run concurrently with other processes divides the resources into memory, while the other processes do not share it.

Introduction to Programming CUDA GPU

GPU Refers to a specific processor GPU to accelerate and change the memory to speed up image processing. The GPU itself is usually located on the graphics card or laptop computer. CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) is a scheme created by NVIDIA as the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) capable of computing not only to graphics processing, but also for general purposes. So with the CUDA we can take advantage of multiple processors from NVIDIA to do the calculation process much or computing.

Refference :

http://dpamudji.wordpress.com/2011/04/01/komputasi-paralel/

http://uchaaii.blogspot.com/2013/07/parallel-computation.html

http://asepkeren-intiblogger.blogspot.com/2012/08/artikel-pengertian-parallel-computing.html

QUANTUM COMPUTING

DEFINITION

A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of quantum physics to increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer. Quantum computers have been built on the small scale and work continues to upgrade them to more practical models.

HOW A QUANTUM COMPUTER WOULD WORK

A quantum computer, on the other hand, would store information as either a 1, 0, or a quantum superposition of the two states. Such a "quantum bit," called a qubit, allows for far greater flexibility than the binary system. Specifically, a quantum computer would be able to perform calculations on a far greater order of magnitude than traditional computers ... a concept which has serious concerns and applications in the realm of cryptography & encryption. Some fear that a successful & practical quantum computer would devastate the world's financial system by ripping through their computer security encryptions, which are based on factoring large numbers that literally cannot be cracked by traditional computers within the life span of the universe. A quantum computer, on the other hand, could factor the numbers in a reasonable period of time.

ENTANGLEMENT

Entanglement is a term used in quantum theory to describe the way that particles of energy/matter can become correlated to predictably interact with each other regardless of how far apart they are. Particles, such as photons, electrons, or qubits that have interacted with each other retain a type of connection and can be entangled with each other in pairs, in the process known as correlation. Knowing the spin state of one entangled particle - whether the direction of the spin is up or down - allows one to know that the spin of its mate is in the opposite direction. Even more amazing is the knowledge that, due to the phenomenon of superposition, the measured particle has no single spin direction before being measured, but is simultaneously in both a spin-up and spin-down state. The spin state of the particle being measured is decided at the time of measurement and communicated to the correlated particle, which simultaneously assumes the opposite spin direction to that of the measured particle. Quantum entanglement allows qubits that are separated by incredible distances to interact with each other immediately, in a communication that is not limited to the speed of light. No matter how great the distance between the correlated particles, they will remain entangled as long as they are isolated. Entanglement is a real phenomenon (Einstein called it "spooky action at a distance"), which has been demonstrated repeatedly through experimentation. The mechanism behind it cannot, as yet, be fully explained by any theory. One proposed theory suggests that all particles on earth were once compacted tightly together and, as a consequence, maintain a connectedness. Much current research is focusing on how to harness the potential of entanglement in developing systems for quantum cryptography and quantum computing.

QUBIT

A qubit is a quantum bit , the counterpart in quantum computing to the binary digit or bit of classical computing. Just as a bit is the basic unit of information in a classical computer, a qubit is the basic unit of information in a quantum computer . In a quantum computer, a number of elemental particles such as electrons or photons can be used (in practice, success has also been achieved with ions), with either their charge or polarization acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1. Each of these particles is known as a qubit; the nature and behavior of these particles (as expressed in quantum theory ) form the basis of quantum computing. The two most relevant aspects of quantum physics are the principles of superposition and entanglement.

QUANTUM GATES

Quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate (or quantum logic gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. They are the building blocks of quantum circuits, like classical logic gates are for conventional digital circuits. Unlike many classical logic gates, quantum logic gates are reversible. However, classical computing can be performed using only reversible gates. For example, the reversibleToffoli gate can implement all Boolean functions. This gate has a direct quantum equivalent, showing that quantum circuits can perform all operations performed by classical circuits. Quantum logic gates are represented by unitary matrices. The most common quantum gates operate on spaces of one or two qubits, just like the common classical logic gates operate on one or two bits. This means that as matrices, quantum gates can be described by 2 x 2 or 4 x 4 unitary matrices.

SHOR'S ALGORITHM

Shor's algorithm, named after mathematician Peter Shor, is a quantum algorithm (an algorithm which runs on a quantum computer) for integer factorization discovered in 1994. Informally it solves the following problem: Given an integer N, find its prime factors. On a quantum computer, to factor an integer N, Shor's algorithm runs in polynomial time (the time taken is polynomial in log N, which is the size of the input). Specifically it takes time O((log N)³), demonstrating that the integer factorization problem can be efficiently solved on a quantum computer and is thus in thecomplexity class BQP. This is exponentially faster than the most efficient known classical factoring algorithm, the general number field sieve, which works in sub-exponential time -- about O(e^{(log N)1/3 (log log N)2/3}). The efficiency lies in the efficiency of the quantum Fourier transform, and modular exponentiation by squarings.

SUMBER :

http://whatis.techtarget.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/

CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications. In cloud computing, the word cloud (also phrased as "the cloud") is used as a metaphor for "the Internet," so the phrase cloud computing means "a type of Internet-based computing," where different services — such as servers, storage and applications —are delivered to an organization's computers and devices through the Internet. Cloud computing is comparable to grid computing, a type of computing where unused processing cycles of all computers in a network are harnesses to solve problems too intensive for any stand-alone machine.

The world of the cloud has lots of participants :

• The end user who doesn’t have to know anything about the underlying technology.

• Business management who needs to take responsibility for the governance of data or services living in a cloud. Cloud service providers must provide a predictable and guaranteed service level and security to all their constituents.

• The cloud service provider who is responsible for IT assets and maintenance.

Advantages Of Cloud Computing

1. Worldwide Access. Cloud computing increases mobility, as you can access your documents from any device in any part of the world. For businesses, this means that employees can work from home or on business trips, without having to carry around documents. This increases productivity and allows faster exchange of information. Employees can also work on the same document without having to be in the same place.
2. More Storage. In the past, memory was limited by the particular device in question. If you ran out of memory, you would need a USB drive to backup your current device. Cloud computing provides increased storage, so you won’t have to worry about running out of space on your hard drive.
3. Easy Set-Up. You can set up a cloud computing service in a matter of minutes. Adjusting your individual settings, such as choosing a password or selecting which devices you want to connect to the network, is similarly simple. After that, you can immediately start using the resources, software, or information in question.
4. Automatic Updates. The cloud computing provider is responsible for making sure that updates are available – you just have to download them. This saves you time, and furthermore, you don’t need to be an expert to update your device; the cloud computing provider will automatically notify you and provide you with instructions.
5. Reduced Cost. Cloud computing is often inexpensive. The software is already installed online, so you won’t need to install it yourself. There are numerous cloud computing applications available for free, such as Dropbox, and increasing storage size and memory is affordable. If you need to pay for a cloud computing service, it is paid for incrementally on a monthly or yearly basis. By choosing a plan that has no contract, you can terminate your use of the services at any time; therefore, you only pay for the services when you need them.

The Working Principle Of Cloud Computing

The principle of cloud computing is almost same with another computer,  just the different of that is in cloud computing, is coupled with another present computer.  In regular computer, file from software when we used is stored in hardisk or another storage media. But on computer clouds if viewed from the side of the user, the files from software we use is in another computer. In other words we are connected to multiple computers on a network server, but the data we store it was in the data center or in center, so that not only we can open the file that we save but computers or other users can open it and vice versa (Public). Also in a lot of infrastructure servers that we can use and we only pay as needed.

Characteristics Cloud Computing

1. On-demand self-service. This means provisioning or de-provisioning computing resources as needed in an automated fashion without human intervention. An analogy to this is electricity as a utility where a consumer can turn on or off a switch on-demand to use as much electricity as required.
2. Ubiquitous network access. This means that computing facilities can be accessed from anywhere over the network using any sort of thin or thick clients (for example smartphones, tablets, laptops, personal computers and so on).
3. Resource pooling. This means that computing resources are pooled to meet the demand of the consumers so that resources (physical or virtual) can be dynamically assigned, reassigned or de-allocated as per the requirement. Generally the consumers are not aware of the exact location of computing resources. However, they may be able to specify location (country, city, region and the like) for their need. For example, I as a consumer might want to host my services with a cloud provider that has cloud data centers within the boundaries of Australia.
4. Rapid elasticity. Cloud computing provides an illusion of infinite computing resources to the users. In cloud models, resources can be elastically provisioned or released according to demand. For example, my cloud-based online services should be able to handle a sudden peak in traffic demand by expanding the resources elastically. When the peak subsides, unnecessary resources can be released automatically.
5. Measured service. This means that consumers only pay for the computing resources they have used. This concept is similar to utilities like water or electricity.

Security

Security. When using a cloud computing service, you are essentially handing over your data to a third party. The fact that the entity, as well as users from all over the world, are accessing the same server can cause a security issue. Companies handling confidential information might be particularly concerned about using cloud computing, as data could possibly be harmed by viruses and other malware. That said, some servers like Google Cloud Connect come with customizable spam filtering, email encryption, and SSL enforcement for secure HTTPS access, among other security measures. The biggest question most have with Cloud Computing is will it be Safe? The answer is “NO”  Reason why is everything that Cloud Computing is based on is mechanical, although it seems virtual. The Safety of the data (information), is only as Safe as the will and determination of the individual that wants to have at it.

The Concept Of Cloud Computing

The first building block is the infrastructure where the cloud will be implemented. Some people make the assumption that environment should be virtualized, but as cloud is a way to request resources in an on-demand way and if you have solutions to provide  on bare metal, then why not? The infrastructure will support the different types of cloud (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, BPaaS). To be able to provide these services you will need Operating System Services (OSS), which will be in charge of deploying the requested service, and Business System Services (BSS), mainly used to validate the request and create the invoice for the requested services. Any metrics could be used to create the invoice (for example, number of users, number of CPUs, memory, usage hours/month). It is very flexible and depends on the service provider. A cloud computing environment will also need to provide interfaces and tools for the service creators and users. This is the role of the Cloud Service Creator and Cloud Service Consumer components. Now, let’s see how it works in reality. Generally, you log in to a portal (enterprise or public wise) and you order your services through the Cloud Service Consumer. This service has been created by the cloud service provider and can be a simple virtual machine (VM) based on an image, some network components, an application service such as an WebApp environment and a service such as MongoDB. It depends on the provider and type of resources and services. The cloud provider will validate, through the BSS, your request and if the validation is okay (credit card, contract), it will provision the request through the OSS. You will receive, in one way or another, the credentials to access your requested services and you will usually receive a monthly invoice for your consumption.



Reference :

http://thoughtsoncloud.com/2014/02/how-does-cloud-computing-work/

http://thoughtsoncloud.com/2014/02/cloud-computing-basics/

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-is-cloud-computing.html

http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Cloud_Computing

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/cloud_computing.html

http://12285-if-unsika.blogspot.com/2012/10/prinsip-kerja-cloud-computing-atau.html

Sistem Terdistribusi Pendahuluan

Definisi Sistem Terdistribusi

Menurut Coulouris : Sebuah sistem dimana komponen software atau hardware-nya terletak di dalam jaringan komputer dan saling berkomunikasi menggunakan message pasing.

Menurut Tanenbaum : Kumpulan komputer independent yang tampak oleh user sebagai satu sistem komputer.

Contoh Sistem Terdistribusi :

• Pencarian Web : Pencarian web telah muncul sebagai industri pertumbuhan utama dalam dekade terakhir, dengan angka terbaru menunjukkan bahwa jumlah global pencarian telah meningkat menjadi lebih dari 10 miliar per bulan. Tugas mesin pencari web adalah untuk mengindeks seluruh isi dari World Wide Web, meliputi berbagai gaya termasuk informasi halaman web, multimedia dan sumber buku. Ini adalah tugas yang sangat kompleks, seperti perkiraan saat ini menyatakan bahwa Web terdiri dari lebih dari 63 milyar halaman dan satu triliun web yang unik.
• Financial Trading : Sebagai contoh, kita melihat sistem terdistribusi dukungan untuk pasar perdagangan keuangan. Industri keuangan telah lama di tepi pemotongan sistem terdistribusi teknologi dengan kebutuhan, khususnya, untuk akses real-time ke berbagai sumber informasi (misalnya, harga saham saat ini dan tren, ekonomi dan perkembangan politik). Industri ini mempekerjakan pemantauan otomatis dan perdagangan.
• Rekayasa MMOGs merupakan tantangan besar bagi teknologi sistem terdistribusi, khususnya karena kebutuhan untuk waktu respon yang cepat untuk mempertahankan pengalaman pengguna permainan. Tantangan lainnya termasuk real-time propagasi acara untuk banyak pemain dan mempertahankan tampilan yang konsisten dari dunia bersama. Ini karena itu memberikan contoh yang sangat baik dari tantangan yang dihadapi modern yang sistem terdistribusi desainer.

The Conclution of Mobile Computing Effects to Education Computing Progress

In the mobile computing digital era has many roles in improving the quality in world of education. Because it could help and facilitate the day-to-day learning. The capabilities and characteristics of mobile computing also allows the distance learning process to be more effective and efficient and get better result. Even according to M. Mukhopadhay M., 1992 “Globalization has triggered a shift in education from to-face education conventional to more open education.

Many developed countries already implementing mobile computing technology in teaching and learning process. For example, mobile computing in developed countries is learning together in their education, or called collaborative learning, has been proven to improve test score and reduce dropouts by 22%. Mobile technology has found a way to be able to perform collaborative learning, in wich various students can discuss in the web forum to make database together, about anything based their location each other. In France, the project “Flexible Learning” has been applied to the system of education. It is reminiscent of Ivan Illich forecast early 70s on “Education without school (Deschooling Socieiy)”. Meanwhile in developing countries like Malaysia, “Problem Based Learning” with mobile learning technology or M-Learning is said still new in terms of its implementation. For Harvard Medical School project, ArcStream Solutions was hired to develop solutions based on the Palm OS mobile platform that facilitates communication between students and faculty, and which provide detailed program information. Florida State University College of Medicine is used to develop a solution ArcStream Clinical Data Collection System ( CDC ) which allows students to take and edit patient reports . But development continued in order to obtain good results for the quality of education in Indonesia .

The advantages of mobile computing :

• The use of e-books to be efficient in the learning process.
• Being less expensive because of the lack of accommodation for buildings, school supplies, and    transportation.
• Academic students can be controlled by the parents.

Disadvantages of mobile computing :

• The storage capacity of mobile computing technology becomes a problem
• Depending on the sophistication of the Internet and mobile devices
• In terms of psychology, socialization or interaction of neighbor will be reduced this will result in people tend to be apathetic.

AGENT PADA SISTEM TERDISTRIBUSI

Definisi Agent

Software Agent adalah entitas perangkat lunak yang didedikasikan untuk tujuan tertentu yang memungkinkan user untuk mendelegasikan tugasnya secara mandiri, selanjutnya software agent nantinya disebut agent saja. Agen bisa memiliki ide sendiri mengenai bagaimana menyelesaikan suatu pekerjaan tertentu atau agenda tersendiri. Agen yang tidak berpindah ke host lain disebut stationary agent. Definisi agen yang lebih rinci, ditinjau dari sudut pandang sistem, adalah obyek perangkat lunak yang :

1. Diletakan dalam lingkungan eksekusi

2. Memiliki sifat sebagai berikut :

• Reaktif, dapat merasakan perubahan dalam lingkungannya dan bertindak sesuai perubahan tersebut.
• Autonomous, mampu mengendalikan tindakannya sendiri
•  Proaktif, mempunyai dorongan untuk mencapai tujuan
• Bekerja terus menerus sampai waktu tertentu

3. Dapat mempunyai sifat ortogonal sebagai berikut :

• Komunikatif, dapat berkomunikasi dengan agen yang lain.
• Mobile , dapat berpindah dari satu host ke host yang lain
• Learning, mampu menyesuaikan diri berdasarkan pengalaman sebelumnya
• Dapat dipercaya sehingga menimbulkan kepercayaan kepada end user.

Karakteristik dari Agent :

1. Autonomy : Agent dapat melakukan tugas secara mandiri dan tidak dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh user, agent lain ataupun oleh lingkungan (environment). Untuk mencapai tujuan dalam melakukan tugasnya secara mandiri, agent harus memiliki kemampuan kontrol terhadap setiap aksi yang mereka perbuat, baik aksi keluar maupun kedalam [Woolridge et. al., 1995]. Dan satu hal yang penting yaitu mendukung autonomy dan masalah intelegensi (intelligence) dari agent.
2. Intelligence, Reasoning, dan Learning : Setiap agent harus mempunyai standar minimum untuk bisa disebut agent, yaitu intelegensi (intelligence). Dalam konsep intelligence, ada tiga komponen yang harus dimiliki: internal knowledge base, kemampuan reasoning berdasar pada knowledge base yang dimiliki, dan kemampuan learning untuk beradaptasi dalam perubahan lingkungan.
3. Mobility dan Stationary : Khusus untuk mobile agent, dia harus memiliki kemampuan yang merupakan karakteristik tertinggi yang dia miliki yaitu mobilitas. Berbeda dengan stationary agent. Tetapi keduanya tetap harus memiliki kemampuan untuk mengirim pesan dan berkomunikasi dengan agent lain.
4. Delegation : Sesuai dengan namanya dan seperti yang sudah kita bahas pada bagian definisi, agent bergerak dalam kerangka menjalankan tugas yang diperintahkan oleh user. Fenomena pendelegasian (delegation) ini adalah karakteristik utama suatu program disebut agent.
5. Reactivity : Karakteristik agent yang lain adalah kemampuan untuk bisa cepat beradaptasi dengan adanya perubahan informasi yang ada dalam suatu lingkungan (enviornment). Lingkungan itu bisa mencakup: agent lain, user, informasi dari luar, dsb [Brenner et. al., 1998].
6. Proactivity dan Goal-Oriented : Sifat proactivity boleh dibilang adalah kelanjutan dari sifat reactivity. Agent tidak hanya dituntut bisa beradaptasi terhadap perubahan lingkungan, tetapi juga harus mengambil inisiatif langkah penyelesaian apa yang harus diambil [Brenner et. al., 1998]. Untuk itu agent harus didesain memiliki tujuan (goal) yang jelas, dan selalu berorientasi kepada tujuan yang diembannya (goal-oriented).
7. Communication and Coordination Capability : Agent harus memiliki kemampuan berkomunikasi dengan user dan juga agent lain. Masalah komunikasi dengan user adalah masuk ke masalah user interface dan perangkatnya, sedangkan masalah komunikasi, koordinasi, dan kolaborasi dengan agent lain adalah masalah sentral penelitian Multi Agent System (MAS). Bagaimanapun juga, untuk bisa berkoordinasi dengan agent lain dalam menjalankan tugas, perlu bahasa standard untuk berkomunikasi. Tim Finin [Finin et al., 1993] [Finin et al., 1994] [Finin et al., 1995] [Finin et al., 1997] dan Yannis Labrou [Labrou et al., 1994] [Labrou et al., 1997] adalah peneliti software agent yang banyak berkecimpung dalam riset mengenai bahasa dan protokol komunikasi antar agent. Salah satu produk mereka adalah Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML). Dan masih terkait dengan komunikasi antar agent adalah Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF).

Software Agent bisa diklasifikasikan sebagai :

1. Desktop Agent

Yaitu agent yang hidup dan bertugas dalam lingkungan Personal Computer (PC), dan berjalan diatas suatu Operating System (OS). Yang termasuk dalam klasifikasi ini adalah:

• Operating System Agent
• Application Agent
• Application Suite Agent

2. Internet Agent

Yaitu agent yang hidup dan bertugas dalam lingkungan jaringan Internet, melakukan tugasnya yaitu memanage informasi yang ada di Internet. Yang termasuk dalam klasifikasi ini adalah :

• Web Search Agent
• Web Server Agent
• Information Filtering Agent
• Information Retrieval Agent
• Notification Agent
• Service Agent
• Mobile Agent

Sumber :

http://viyan.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/folder/0.0

Link Berkaitan :
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3
Link 4

KOMUNIKASI DATA

Komunikasi data adalah merupakan bagian dari telekomunikasi yang secara khusus berkenaan dengan transmisi atau pemindahan data dan informasi diantara komputer-komputer dan piranti-piranti yang lain dalam bentuk digital yang dikirimkan melalui media komunikasi data. Data berarti informasi yang disajikan oleh isyarat digital. Komunikasi data merupakan bagian vital dari suatu informasi karena sistem ini menyediakan infrastruktur yang memungkinkan komputer-komputer dapat berkomunikasi satu sama lain.

Secara umum ada dua jenis komunikasi data, yaitu :

• Melalui Infrastruktur Terestrial, Menggunakan media kabel dan nirkabel sebagai aksesnya. Membutuhkan biaya yang tinggi untuk membangun infrastruktur jenis ini. Beberapa layanan yang termasuk teresterial antara lain: Sambungan Data Langsung (SDL), Frame Relay, VPN MultiService dan Sambungan Komunikasi Data Paket (SKDP).
• Melalui Satelit, Menggunakan satelit sebagai aksesnya. Biasanya wilayah yang dicakup akses satelit lebih luas dan mampu menjangkau lokasi yang tidak memungkinkan dibangunnya infrastruktur terestrial namun membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk berlangsungnya proses komunikasi. Kelemahan lain dari komunikasi via satelit adalah adanya gangguan yang disebabkan oleh radiasi gelombang matahari (Sun Outage) dan yang paling parah terjadi setiap 11 tahun sekali.

Komponen Komunikasi Data :

• Pengirim, adalah piranti yang mengirimkan data.
• Penerima, adalah piranti yang menerima data.
• Data, adalah informasi yang akan dipindahkan.
• Media pengiriman, adalah media atau saluran yang digunakan untuk mengirimkan data.
• Protokol, adalah aturan-aturan yang berfungsi untuk menyelaraskan hubungan.

Tujuan Komunikasi Data :

• Memungkinkan pengiriman data dalam jumlah yang besar secara effisien, tanpa kesalahan dan ekonomis dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain.
• Memungkinkan penggunaan sistem komputer dan peralatan pendukungnya dari jauh (remote computer use).
• Memungkinkan penggunaan sistem komputer secara terpusat maupun secara tersebar sehingga mendukung manajemen dalam hal kontrol (baik sentralisasi maupun desentralisasi).
• Mempermudah kemungkinan pengelolaan dan pengaturan data yang ada dalam berbagai macam sistem komputer.
• Mengurangi waktu untuk pengolahan data.
• Mendapatkan data langsung dari sumbernya (mempertinggi kehandalan).
• Mempercepat penyebarluasan informasi.

Sumber :

http://bheta.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/31998/2+Komunikasi.pdf

http://tiyosaputro100.blogspot.com/

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_data


Link berkaitan :
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3
Link 4